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Geochronology is a science that studies the time frame of Earth's history, reconstructing the geological history of the Earth by determining the ages of rocks, minerals, and fossils. This discipline is crucial for understanding the evolution of the Earth, the evolution of living organisms, and environmental changes. Geochronology not only helps scientists determine the relative age of geological strata, but also provides absolute age determination, thus providing accurate time scales for the Earth's past. Geological chronology is mainly divided into two categories: relative chronology and absolute chronology. Relative chronology infers the relative age of strata through the stacking relationships of strata and the distribution patterns of fossils. For example, if one stratum covers another stratum, the underlying stratum is usually considered older. Absolute chronology, on the other hand, determines the exact age of rocks or minerals through the decay patterns of radioactive isotopes. The most commonly used radiometric dating methods include uranium lead dating, potassium argon dating, and carbon-14 dating.

In the development process of geochronology, some important time units have been defined, such as the era, epoch, epoch, period, etc., which constitute the geological time scale. This time scale is internationally recognized and helps scientists to discuss and compare geological events on a global scale in a unified manner. For example, the Phanerozoic was a period of great biological explosion in Earth's history, including the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The application of geochronology is very extensive, not only for basic scientific research, but also for important fields such as resource exploration, environmental assessment, and disaster prevention. For example, by understanding the age of geological strata, geologists can predict the distribution of certain mineral resources or assess the risk of geological hazards.

《地質(zhì)年代學(xué)》是一門研究地球歷史時(shí)間框架的科學(xué)，它通過(guò)測(cè)定巖石、礦物和化石的年齡來(lái)重建地球的地質(zhì)歷史。這門學(xué)科對(duì)于理解地球的演變過(guò)程、生物的進(jìn)化以及環(huán)境變化至關(guān)重要。地質(zhì)年代學(xué)不僅幫助科學(xué)家們確定地層的相對(duì)年齡，還能夠提供絕對(duì)年齡的測(cè)定，從而為地球的過(guò)去提供精確的時(shí)間尺度。地質(zhì)年代學(xué)主要分為相對(duì)年代學(xué)和絕對(duì)年代學(xué)兩大類。相對(duì)年代學(xué)通過(guò)地層的疊置關(guān)系、化石的分布規(guī)律等來(lái)推斷地層的相對(duì)年齡。例如，如果一個(gè)地層覆蓋在另一個(gè)地層之上，那么下面的地層通常被認(rèn)為更古老。而絕對(duì)年代學(xué)則通過(guò)放射性同位素的衰變規(guī)律來(lái)測(cè)定巖石或礦物的確切年齡。最常用的放射性定年方法包括鈾-鉛定年、鉀-氬定年和碳-14定年等。

地質(zhì)年代學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程中，一些重要的時(shí)間單位被定義，如宙、代、紀(jì)、世、期等，它們構(gòu)成了地質(zhì)時(shí)間尺度。這個(gè)時(shí)間尺度是國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的，它幫助科學(xué)家們?cè)谌蚍秶鷥?nèi)統(tǒng)一地討論和比較地質(zhì)事件。例如，顯生宙是地球歷史上生物大爆發(fā)的時(shí)期，包括古生代、中生代和新生代三個(gè)代。地質(zhì)年代學(xué)的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，它不僅用于基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)研究，還對(duì)資源勘探、環(huán)境評(píng)估和災(zāi)害預(yù)防等領(lǐng)域有著重要的意義。例如，通過(guò)了解地層的年齡，地質(zhì)學(xué)家可以預(yù)測(cè)某些礦產(chǎn)資源的分布，或者評(píng)估地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

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